反GM食品の国際連帯 
天笠啓祐
遺伝子組み換え(GM)食品の反対運動


 日本での遺伝子組み換え食品の反対運動は、一九九〇年代前半から日本消費者連盟を中心に進められてきた。
 日本がGM食品を輸入し始めたのは、一九九六年末。この年、厚生省が認可して米国とカナダから大豆やトウモロコシ、ナタネが入ってきた。同年一一月、全国的に反GMの運動が広がり、日本消費者連盟を中心に、その運動を横につないで、遺伝子組
み換え食品いらない!キャンペーン(以下、キャンペーン)がスタートした。

 キャンペーンは、一貫して、GM食品は「いらない、食べない、作らない」という立場で運動を進めてきた。当初は、GM食品に表示がなかったため、表示の義務化を求めて取り組んだ。表示問題への取り組みは、消費者が選択できるようにすることで、事実上GM食品を拒否できるからだ。

私たちの取り組みの結果、表示制度はできたが、残念ながら私たちの主張である全食品表示が実現せず、不十分な中身だった。

 同時に、国内作付けを阻止する、GM稲の開発を止めるなどの運動も進めてきた。
現在、日本で商業栽培され収穫されたGM作物は皆無である。また、農水省や自治体、企業が開発してきたGM稲も、次々と止めてきた。とくにモンサント社のアジアへの稲売り込みを阻止した闘いは、大きな成果だった。

 このような運動と平行して、GM食品が大量に日本に入ってくるのは、日本の自給率の低さに原因があることから、「大豆畑トラスト運動」という新しい取り組みに着手した。これは、消費者参加型の大豆栽培を拡大する運動で、現在では全都道府県に広がり、わずかではあるが、大豆の自給率を増やすことに成功している。

 国際連帯で闘う

 GM食品の問題点は、食品の安全性に疑問があること、栽培すると環境に悪影響が出ること、多国籍企業によって種子が支配されること、この三点にあると主張して、運動を進めてきた。

 食品の安全性に関しては、食品問題の国際組織である、コーデックス委員会によって議論されてきた。国際基準づくりのための特別部会が四年間にわたって日本で開かれ、世界各国から消費者団体や環境保護団体の人達が集まってきた。

四年にわたって大会会場の周辺でデモを行い、報告会や交流会をもってきた。新しくできた国際基準は、私たちの主張とはかなりずれた内容ではあるが、この交流によって反GM食品の運動が国際化した。

 環境への影響に関しては、生物多様性条約カルタヘナ議定書が、第三世界の強い要望でつくられ、GM作物の栽培規制として一定の役割を果たしている。このカルタヘナ議定書は、第三世界の人達の間で広がっているGM作物拒否の運動を支えている。

 GM作物は、米国政府が国際戦略として推進し、英国政府が共同歩調をとり、日本政府もそれを支持し、イラク戦争と同じ構図である。

戦略を担っているのが多国籍企業モンサント社である。同社による独占体制ができつつある。GM作物の種子を独占しているだけでなく、大豆の場合、すでに全世界で作られている大豆の55%がモンサント社の種子になるなど、穀物の種子自体を支配しようとしている。反GM食品の運動は、欧州各国、第三世界、そして世界の市民が共同で、反米・反モンサント社を掲げて闘っている。

 いまモンサント社によって、米国とカナダでGM小麦の申請が出されている。日本の小麦市場の大半を依存している両国でGM小麦が栽培されれば、私たちの食卓は大豆同様、モンサント社の小麦で占拠されてしまう。

 今国際連帯の輪が広がりつつある時、私たちもまた、国際連帯でモンサント社のGM小麦を阻止し、GM作物の栽培面積を縮小させ、やがては廃絶されることが必要だ。

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International Solidarity to Oppose GM Food
By Keisuke Amagasa

The opposition movement to genetically modified (GM) food

The anti-GM food movement started in Japan in the early 1990's, driven by the Consumers Union of Japan. Japan began to import GM food from the USA and Canada at the end of 1996. That year, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare approved GM soybeans, GM corn and GM canola for human consumption. In November 1996, the NO! GMO Campaign started, organized by the Consumers Union of Japan together with other organizations. The anti-GM food movement has spread throughout Japan.

The Campaign's message has always been "GM food - don't need it, don't eat it, don't farm it". At the beginning, the Campaign demanded labelling of such food. Since there was no obligation to indicate GM ingredients in food, consumers were not allowed the choice of avoiding GM food. Although a labelling regime has now been established in Japan as a result of the Campaign's demands, it is not adequate for consumers to make an informed choice, since it does not cover all food products, as the Campaign had strongly requested.

The Campaign has been actively fighting to prevent the domestic cultivation of GM crops, as well as to put a stop to the development of GM rice. Currently, there are no GM crops commercially cultivated and harvested in Japan. Moreover, the Campaign has succeeded in halting one after another the development of GM rice conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, local governments, and private companies. Especially successful was the campaign to halt Monsanto's GM rice development, which the company intended to use to promote its GM rice into the Asian market

Additionally, the Campaign has been encouraging people to join a movement called the "soybean trust", in order to raise domestic soybean production. Japan's self-sufficiency in soybeans is very low, and that is a major reason why GM food is coming into Japan in large quantities. The aim of the trust movement is to expand soybean production with direct consumer involvement. The movement has spread successfully to all prefectures in Japan, and domestic production has risen slightly.


We will continue to oppose GM food in solidarity with international groups

The Campaign emphasizes three main issues concerning GM food: 1) the food safety issue, 2) the adverse effect on the environment by GM crop farming, 3) seed domination by multinational corporations.

The issue of GM food safety was discussed at the Codex Commission, which is the international body on food issues. The task force to establish an international standard on GM food held meetings in Japan over a four-year span, and people from consumers' organizations and environmental organizations from many different countries gathered in Japan during that time. The Campaign organized demonstrations, debriefing sessions and information exchanges around the meeting hall during these years. Although the new international standard established by the task force is rather different from that demanded by consumers, our solidarity with international groups has became very close as a result of these years of communication.

The adverse effect on the environment by GM crop farming was the concern of the UNEP Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which was established by strong request of the Third World countries. The Protocol regulates the transboundary movements of GMOs in order to ensure the protection of biodiversity and of human health. It has encouraged the spread of the movement to reject GM cultivation among people in the Third World countries.

The situation with GM crops is very similar to that of the war in Iraq, which is promoted by the US government as an international strategy, with the participation of the UK government, and the support of the Japanese government. This stratagem has been contrived by the multinational company, Monsanto. Its intention is to monopolize the GM crop sector. The company is not only monopolizing current GM seeds (for example 55% of the soybean seeds in the world are owned by Monsanto), but intends to dominate the entire grain seed industry. The citizens' anti-GM food movement in European countries, in Third World countries, and the whole world is cooperating to oppose GM food as well as to oppose the US government and the Monsanto Company.

The US and Canadian governments are currently considering an application for cultivation of Monsanto GM wheat. If GM wheat is approved and cultivated in both countries, which provide Japan with most of her wheat imports, our dining tables will be exposed once again to the risk of occupation by Monsanto GM wheat, just as they are now under occupation by the GM soybean.

The links of international solidarity are now being strengthened and widened. International solidarity is what we need now to prevent the approval of Monsanto's GM wheat, to reduce the areas cultivated to GM crops in the world, and finally lead to the complete cessation of GM crop cultivation worldwide.

index

*Petition of Japanese Companies and Consumer
  Organizations Concerning GE Wheat
*
GM小麦反対行動の経緯/Background to the Campaign Against GM Wheat
*Statement by the "No! GMO Campaign" of Japan